What happens when we jump from one task to another while working? That’s not multitasking exactly. It’s task-switching.

What Is Task-Switching?

The general belief is that task-switching goes like this: First, we’re doing something (let’s call it Task A) when there’s an interruption. The interruption might come from the environment, like a push notification for a new email message, or it could be self-inflicted, like the desire to take a break. Whatever the case, it takes us a moment to reorient as we switch to the new matter at hand. Let’s call that new matter Task B. Eventually, we decide to end Task B and maybe go back to Task A, although we might rendezvous a little in something else along the way, Task C. Finally, we land back at the original task, and it takes yet another moment or two to reorient and get back into it.

How much time do you think that whole process takes?

How Much Time Does Task-Switching Take?

Research findings on the topic don’t align perfectly. It could take seconds to get back into Task A, or it could take almost half an hour!

If we look specifically at task-switching related to email, a type of interruption that’s probably very familiar to most knowledge workers, the frequency at which it interrupts us (or we let it interrupt us) is crazy. Even if the interruptions are short, they add up. Office workers reacted to the majority of their incoming emails within 6 seconds of it arriving (Jackson 2001). Yes, the research here is from 2001 and is specific to email, but I would love to see research that measured the same thing but on interruptions from Slack or Microsoft Teams messages. The research says it then took on average 64 seconds for workers to resume work. Checking email was estimated to cause 96 interruptions in a typical 8-hour work day, which adds up to 1.5 hours per day reorienting.

Another team of researchers (led by Gloria Mark, 2005) noticed that getting sidetracked by other tasks cost 25 minutes before people returned to their original task, and that they rendezvous’ed with an average of 2.3 other tasks before getting back to what they were doing.

In some research from 2007, two researchers (Iqbal and Horvitz) noticed people spent 10 minutes on task-switches caused by alerts, such as email notifications, and another 10 to 15 minutes doing other stuff before they got back to the original task. In their research, more than a quarter (27 percent) of all task-switching ended up in more than 2 hours of time doing something else before people got back to their original jobs!

Can We Stop Ourselves From Task-Switching? Nope

What happens when people are told not to task-switch? In an experiment (Gould 2013) in which subjects were asked to complete computer tasks without jumping around, about 60 percent of people did it anyway. Each switch took them on average only 16 seconds, and the primary task only took around 32 minutes to complete. But most people couldn’t bear not to interrupt their own work and look at something else, even if it was only for 16 seconds. On average, they did it 12 times in that half hour or so, although the median number of times switches was only 6, indicating there maybe have been a few high outliers. Multiply 16 seconds by 12 times, and you get more than 3 minutes of wasted time in 32 minutes. That’s 10 percent of the time that people were working!

Although there’s no strong consensus about how much time we lose when we jump from one task to another or interrupt our work to take a break, it’s clear that people do it.

Is Task-Switching Inherently Bad? Also Nope

The matter of whether it’s wasteful or unproductive to task-switch is hard to say definitively one way or the other. Like most things, it’s probably the case that it’s good for us and our work in moderation.

A few studies prove that interruptions don’t actually make us complete tasks any slower (Speier 1999, Zijlstra 1999, Mark 2008). It seems to be the case that a few interruptions actually make people work faster, as they compensate for the lost time they know they are experiencing. It may also explain why many people work best on deadlines. There’s a little bit of pressure to get the work finished. But moderation is key. Gloria Mark has proposed that although the occasional interruption might give us a bit of a time crunch and light a fire under us to hustle, there is probably added stress and frustration, and that the work requires additional effort. In other words, it’s less efficient and might then require more time to recover from the work.

This article originally appeared on February 2, 2022 and was updated April 11, 2025.

References

Barley, S., Myerson, D., & Grodel, S. (2011) E-mail as a source and symbol of stress. Organization Science 22 (4): 887–906. Retrieved Jan. 22, 2016 from http://people.bu.edu/grodal/Email.pdf

Gould, S. J. J., Cox, A. L., & Brumby, D. P. (2013). Frequency and duration of self-initiated task-switching in an online investigation of interrupted performance. Human computation and crowdsourcing: Works in progress and demonstration abstracts AAAI technical report CR-13-01 (pp. 22–23).

Iqbal, S. T., & Horvitz, E. (2007). Disruption and recovery of computing tasks. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – CHI ’07. Retrieved February 20, 2016 from http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/horvitz/chi_2007_iqbal_horvitz.pdf

Jackson, T., R. Dawson, & Wilson, D. (2001). Case study: Evaluating the use of an electronic messaging system in business. Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Assessment in Software Engineering. Retrieved February 7, 2016 from http://homepage.ntlworld.com/cotwj1/pdf/Ease%202002%20Jackson.pdf.

Mark, G., Gonzalez, V. M., & Harris, J. (2005). No task left behind? Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – CHI ’05.

Mark, G, Gudith, D, & Klocke, U. (2008). The cost of interrupted work. Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – CHI ’08. Retrieved February 19, 2016 from https://ics.uci.edu/~gmark/chi08-mark.pdf.

Speier, C., Valacich, J. S., & Vessey, I. (1999). The influence of task interruption on individual decision making: An information overload perspective. Decision Sciences, 30, 337–360.

Zijlstra, F. R., Roe, R. A., Leonora, A. B., & Krediet, I. (1999). Temporal factors in mental work: Effects of interrupted activities. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72, 163–185.

Image by Acflynn, CC.